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我们很多客户都询问能否作废婚姻,而不是简单的申请离婚。每个人的情况不同,有些是发现对方在结婚时还没和前任离婚的,也有些是后来发现对方结婚目的并不单纯的,比如是为了移民或者为了贪图财产才结婚的。加拿大的法律允许申请宣布婚姻无效,但条件比较严苛,也不是适用于每个人。接下来由康健律师为您介绍申请婚姻无效的法律。

在加拿大,婚姻无效分为两种:一种是婚姻从头就是不存在的(void,也叫void ab initio),另一种是婚姻从结婚的时候是有效的,但是后来被法官作废,所以从结果上来看也是整个无效(voidable)。

第一种声明,法官至有在以下四种情况之一满足的情况下才能开出:

  1. 在结婚时,一方仍然和其它人有婚姻关系(也就是重婚),
  2. 结婚时,一方并不同意结婚(也就是在违背意愿的情况下结婚),
  3. 双方是血亲,
  4. 实质的结婚过程不符合《结婚法》的要求,比如说没有举行典礼(solemnization)。

而第二种声明,必须在以下条件之一满足的情况下才可能开出:

  1. 婚姻中任何一方无法进行性行为,
  2. 婚姻种一方在7到14岁之间,
  3. 婚姻中的一方是在被诈欺、胁迫或认知错误的情况下结婚的。

争议比较多的是第三点中的“诈欺”这一点。这点看似涵盖面广,但其实并不是这样。其相关法律可以概括为:

“Misrepresentation is a ground for annulment only where the misrepresentation leads to a mistake as to the identity of the other party or the nature of the marriage ceremony.”

中文翻译过来就是:“谎言只有让对方对撒谎者的身份、或者是结婚仪式的性质产生认知错误的时候,才能够成宣布婚姻无效的法律依据。”换句话说,除非对方通过撒谎让您以为他是其他人,或者是让您不知道这个仪式其实是结婚仪式的时候才行。

而在BC省的相关案件中,经常有案件涉及到关于“移民假结婚“的案件:也就是原告提出撤销婚姻,因为对方对她的背景和结婚意图撒谎,到了结婚之后才知道对方唯一的目的就是利用自己移民,而一旦成功就消失了。即使在这样的情况之下,法院仍然拒绝撤销婚姻。

在其中的一个经典案例A.A.S. v. R.S.S., 1986 CanLII 822 (BC CA)中,卑诗省上诉法院针对这种“移民假结婚“的情况如下归纳本省的法律:

[14]           Counsel for the appellants submits that the trial judge erred in failing to deal with the allegations contained in para. 13 of the amended statement of claim, namely, that there was fraud on the part of the respondents in representing that the motives of A.A.S. on marrying R.S.S. were genuine and pure when they knew that the real purpose of the marriage was to obtain landed immigrant status in Canada, and Canadian citizenship for the bridegroom.

[15]           The weight of authority in Canada is against granting relief on the basis claimed in para. 13 of the amended statement of claim.

[16]           In Iantsis v. Papatheodorou, 1970 CanLII 438 (ON CA), [1971] 1 O.R. 245, 3 R.F.L. 158, 15 D.L.R. (3d) 53 (C.A.), Mr. Justice Schroeder, writing the judgment of the court, examined the basis upon which a marriage could be declared void and held that, where a man goes through a form of marriage as a means of obtaining permanent residence in Canada, the marriage could not be declared void at the instance of the woman. The judgment contains a useful summary of the applicable law.

[17]           In Leonotian vLeonotian (1977), 1977 CanLII 2635 (ON CA), 4 R.F.L. (2d) 94, the Ontario Court of Appeal applied Iantsis v. Papatheodorou and some of the cases mentioned in that judgment in deciding that where a party, having the necessary capacity to marry, went through a marriage ceremony which was duly solemnized, there was a valid marriage even if it was entered into for the purpose of perpetrating a fraud on the immigration authorities, and even though the parties had a short friendship, and an immediate separation.

特别是以上划横线的判决,总结下来就是:只要是结婚的程序是合法的,哪怕事后发现对方是抱有诈欺的目的结婚的(包括移民诈欺),哪怕双方的关系持续时间很短,甚至是结婚之后立即结束,婚姻依然有效。

可能有些人会认为这样的法律不够近人情。确实,没有那个法律系统能够做到在每种情况下都尽善尽美,所以更重要的是在选择配偶的时候要谨慎,而且在处理法律问题的时候雇佣专业律师为您介绍相关法律,并在此基础之上做出决定。

我们在过去六年中连续获得Top Choice Awards所评选的“温哥华最好的离婚律师事务所”称号,并拥有优秀的中文律师团队。请拨打我们的中文专线:604 682 6466,我们会为您安排与我们的中文律师进行咨询。

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